Android ConstraintLayout约束布局使用详解

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2023-06-09
标签   Android
目录
  • 基本属性
  • 约束强度
  • Visibility属性
  • 控件宽高比
  • 子控件之间的宽高占比
  • 锚向指示线
  • Chains链

基本属性

可以让本View的一个方向置于目标View的一个方向,比如

layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf:本View的下面置于目标View的下面,与此类似的还有 layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf,

layout_constraintStart_toStartOf,layout_constraintTop_toTopOf,layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf 等等。

例如,B放在A的上面,就可以让B的下面置于A的上面

<?xml version=".0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/a"
        android:layout_width="dp"
        android:layout_height="dp"
        android:background="@color/purple_"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:text="@string/a"
        android:textColor="@color/white"
        android:textSize="sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/b"
        android:layout_width="dp"
        android:layout_height="dp"
        android:background="@color/purple_"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:text="@string/b"
        android:textColor="@color/white"
        android:textSize="sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@id/a"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

还有一个属性就是 layout_constraintBaseline_toBaselineOf,这个可以让其内部文字对齐。

约束强度

利用 layout_constraintHorizontal_bias 和 layout_constraintVertical_bias,可以设置控件在水平和垂直方向上的偏移量,值为0-1

比如,让一个控件居中显示,我们会这样写

<?xml version=".0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/a"
        android:layout_width="dp"
        android:layout_height="dp"
        android:background="@color/purple_"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:text="@string/a"
        android:textColor="@color/white"
        android:textSize="sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

现在,它的上下左右的剩余空间都占50%,现在我想让它的左侧剩余空间从50%变成10%,上面的剩余空间从50%变成100%,可以这么干

<?xml version=".0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/a"
        android:layout_width="dp"
        android:layout_height="dp"
        android:background="@color/purple_"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:text="@string/a"
        android:textColor="@color/white"
        android:textSize="sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias=".1"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

Visibility属性

在 ConstraintLayout 布局,visibility 属性设置为 gone 的话,可以理解为该View被缩小成一个不可见的小点,而其他对其有约束的View依照该点来进行定位。

比如,现在有两个TextView

如果这时,将A设置成不可见,那B的位置会有些改变

这时,我们可以通过layout_goneMarginTop,layout_goneMarginBottom,layout_goneMarginStart,layout_goneMarginEnd属性来设置与之的距离,这类属性只有在A的visibility属性为gone时才会生效。

<?xml version=".0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/a"
        android:layout_width="dp"
        android:layout_height="dp"
        android:background="@color/purple_"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:text="@string/a"
        android:textColor="@color/white"
        android:textSize="sp"
        android:visibility="gone"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/b"
        android:layout_width="dp"
        android:layout_height="dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="dp"
        android:background="@color/purple_"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:text="@string/b"
        android:textColor="@color/white"
        android:textSize="sp"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/a"
        app:layout_goneMarginTop="dp" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

控件宽高比

如果想实现固定宽高比的话,可以使用 layout_constraintDimensionRatio 属性,至少设置 layout_width 或 layout_height 为0

<?xml version=".0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/a"
        android:layout_width="dp"
        android:layout_height="dp"
        android:background="@color/purple_"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:text="@string/a"
        android:textColor="@color/white"
        android:textSize="sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintDimensionRatio=":2"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

子控件之间的宽高占比

我们知道,LinearLayout 可以为子控件设置 layout_weight 属性,控制子控件之间的宽高占比,ConstraintLayout也可以,对应的属性是 layout_constraintHorizontal_weight,layout_constraintVertical_weight

<?xml version=".0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity">
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/a"
        android:layout_width="dp"
        android:layout_height="dp"
        android:layout_marginStart="dp"
        android:background="@color/purple_"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:text="@string/a"
        android:textColor="@color/white"
        android:textSize="sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toStartOf="@+id/b"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_weight=""
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/b"
        android:layout_width="dp"
        android:layout_height="dp"
        android:layout_marginStart="dp"
        android:background="@color/purple_"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:text="@string/b"
        android:textColor="@color/white"
        android:textSize="sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toStartOf="@+id/c"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_weight=""
        app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@+id/a"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/c"
        android:layout_width="dp"
        android:layout_height="dp"
        android:layout_marginStart="dp"
        android:layout_marginEnd="dp"
        android:background="@color/purple_"
        android:gravity="center"
        android:text="@string/c"
        android:textColor="@color/white"
        android:textSize="sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_weight=""
        app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@+id/b"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

锚向指示线

当我们需要任意位置的锚点时,可以使用Guideline来帮助定位,它的宽度和高度均为0,可见性也为GONE,它是为了帮助其他View定位而存在的,并不会出现在实际页面上。

<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.Guideline
    android:id="@+id/guideline_horizontal"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:orientation="horizontal"
    app:layout_constraintGuide_percent=".2" />
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.Guideline
    android:id="@+id/guideline_vertical"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    app:layout_constraintGuide_begin="dp" />

Chains链

Chain 链是一种特殊的约束,是用来分发链条剩余空间位置的。几个View之间通过双向连接而互相约束对方的位置的,就叫链条,像这种

链条分为水平链条和竖直链条,分别用 layout_constraintHorizontal_chainStyle 和 layout_constraintVertical_chainStyle 两个属性来设置。 属性值有三种:spread,spread_inside,packed

layout_constraintHorizontal_chainStyle=“spread”

layout_constraintHorizontal_chainStyle=“spread_inside”

layout_constraintHorizontal_chainStyle=“packed”

<?xml version=".0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"  xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
<TextView
    android:id="@+id/a"
    android:layout_width="dp"
    android:layout_height="dp"
    android:background="@color/purple_"
    android:gravity="center"
    android:text="@string/a"
    android:textColor="@color/white"
    android:textSize="sp"
    app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
    app:layout_constraintEnd_toStartOf="@+id/b"
    app:layout_constraintHorizontal_chainStyle="packed"
    app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
    app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
<TextView
    android:id="@+id/b"
    android:layout_width="dp"
    android:layout_height="dp"
    android:background="@color/purple_"
    android:gravity="center"
    android:text="@string/b"
    android:textColor="@color/white"
    android:textSize="sp"
    app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
    app:layout_constraintEnd_toStartOf="@+id/c"
    app:layout_constraintHorizontal_chainStyle="packed"
    app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@+id/a"
    app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
<TextView
    android:id="@+id/c"
    android:layout_width="dp"
    android:layout_height="dp"
    android:background="@color/purple_"
    android:gravity="center"
    android:text="@string/c"
    android:textColor="@color/white"
    android:textSize="sp"
    app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
    app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
    app:layout_constraintHorizontal_chainStyle="packed"
    app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@+id/b"
    app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>