目录
- C# System.TypeInitializationException 异常处理
- C#基础--错误和异常
- 异常类
- 捕获异常
- 自定义异常
- 总结
C# System.TypeInitializationException 异常处理
备忘
问题在这
这种错误大多是声明的类里面初始字段赋值出了问题
比如 在类里面生命了一个 太大的数组,超出了最大内存限制就会出错
修改下就OK了
C#基础--错误和异常
异常类
在c#中,当出现某个特殊的异常错误条件时,就会创建(或抛出)一个异常对象。这个对象包含有助于跟踪问 题的信息。我们可以创建自己的异常类,但.NET提供了许多预定义的异常类,多到这里不可能 提供详尽的列表。
列举几个常见异常:
StackOverflowException
—如果分配给栈的内存区域己满,就会抛出这个异常。EndOfStreamException
—这个异常通常是因为读到文件末尾而抛出的。OverflowException
—如果要在checked上下文中把包含值-40的int类型数据强制转换为uint数据,就会抛出这个异常。
捕获异常
try
块包含的代码组成了程序的正常操作部分,但这部分程序可能遇到某些严重的错误。catch
块包含的代码处理各种错误情况,这些错误是执行try块中的代码时遇到的。这个块还可以用于记 录错误。finally
块包含的代码清理资源或执行通常要在try块或catch块末尾执行的其他操作。无论是否抛出异常,都会执行finally块,理解这一点非常重要。因为finally块包含了应总是执行的清理代码,如果 在finally块中放置了return语句,编译器就会标记一个错误。
下面的步骤说明了这些块是如何组合在一起捕获错误情况的:
(1) 执行的程序流进入try块。
(2) 如果在try块中没有错误发生,在块中就会正常执行操作。当程序流到达try块末尾后,如果存在一个finally块,程序流就会自动SA finally块(第(5)步)。但如果在try块中程序流检测到一个错误,程序流就会跳转 到catch块(第⑶步)。
(3) 在catch块中处理错误。
(4) 在catch块执行完后,如果存在一个finally块,程序流就会自动进入finally块:
(5) 执行finally块(如果存在)。
try | |
{ | |
} | |
catch (Exception ex) | |
{ | |
} | |
finally | |
{ | |
} |
异常性能
异常处理具有性能含义。在常见的情况下,不应该使用异常处理错误。例如,将字符串转换为数字时,可 以使用int类型的Paree方法。如果传递给此方法的字符串不能转换为数字,此方法抛FormatException异常;如果可以转换一个数字,但它不能放在int类型中,则抛出OverflowException异常:
static void NumberDemol(string n) | |
{ | |
if (n is null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(n)); | |
try | |
{ | |
int i = int.Parse(n); | |
Console.WriteLine($"converted: {i}"); | |
} | |
catch (FormatException ex) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); | |
} | |
catch (OverflowException ex) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); | |
} | |
} |
如果NumberDemol方法通常只用于在字符串中传递数字而接收不到数字是异常的,那么可以这样编写它。 但是,如果在程序流的正常情况下,期望的字符串不能转换时,可以使用TryParse方法。如果字符串不能转换 为数字,此方法不会抛出异常。相反,如果解析成功,TryParse返回true;如果解析失败,则返回felse:
static void NumberDemo2(string n) | |
{ | |
if (n is null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(n)); | |
if (int.TryParse(n, out int result)) | |
{ | |
Console. WriteLine ($"converted {result}"); | |
} | |
else | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine("not a number"); | |
} | |
} |
实现多个catch块
class Program | |
{ | |
static void Main() | |
{ | |
while (true) | |
{ | |
try | |
{ | |
string userInput; | |
Console.Write("Input a number between 0 and 5 or just hit return to exit)> "); | |
userInput = Console.ReadLine(); | |
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(userInput)) | |
{ | |
break; | |
} | |
int index = Convert.ToInt32(userInput); | |
if (index < 0 || index > 5) | |
{ | |
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException($"You typed in {userInput}"); | |
} | |
Console.WriteLine($"Your number was {index}"); | |
} | |
catch (IndexOutOfRangeException ex) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"Exception: Number should be between 0 and 5. {ex.Message}"); | |
} | |
catch (Exception ex) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"An exception was thrown. Message was: {ex.Message}"); | |
} | |
finally | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine("Thank you\n"); | |
} | |
} | |
} | |
} |
异常过滤器
自从C# 6开始就支持异常过滤器。catck块仅在过滤器返回true时执行。捕获不同的异常类型时,可以有行为不同的catch块。在某些情况下,catch块基于异常的内容执行不同的操作。
class Program | |
{ | |
static void Main() | |
{ | |
try | |
{ | |
ThrowWithErrorCode(405); | |
} | |
catch (MyCustomException ex) when (ex.ErrorCode == 405) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"Exception caught with filter {ex.Message} and {ex.ErrorCode}"); | |
} | |
catch (MyCustomException ex) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"Exception caught {ex.Message} and {ex.ErrorCode}"); | |
} | |
Console.ReadLine(); | |
} | |
public static void ThrowWithErrorCode(int code) | |
{ | |
throw new MyCustomException("Error in Foo") { ErrorCode = code }; | |
} | |
} |
自定义异常
这个示例称为SolicitColdCall,它包 含两个嵌套的try块,说明了如何定义自定义异常类,再从try块中抛出另一个异常。
public class ColdCallFileFormatException : Exception | |
{ | |
public ColdCallFileFormatException(string message) | |
: base(message) | |
{ | |
} | |
public ColdCallFileFormatException(string message, Exception innerException) | |
: base(message, innerException) | |
{ | |
} | |
} | |
public class SalesSpyFoundException : Exception | |
{ | |
public SalesSpyFoundException(string spyName) | |
: base($"Sales spy found, with name {spyName}") | |
{ | |
} | |
public SalesSpyFoundException(string spyName, Exception innerException) | |
: base($"Sales spy found with name {spyName}", innerException) | |
{ | |
} | |
} | |
public class UnexpectedException : Exception | |
{ | |
public UnexpectedException(string message) | |
: base(message) | |
{ | |
} | |
public UnexpectedException(string message, Exception innerException) | |
: base(message, innerException) | |
{ | |
} | |
} | |
public class ColdCallFileReader : IDisposable | |
{ | |
private FileStream _fs; | |
private StreamReader _sr; | |
private uint _nPeopleToRing; | |
private bool _isDisposed = false; | |
private bool _isOpen = false; | |
public void Open(string fileName) | |
{ | |
if (_isDisposed) | |
{ | |
throw new ObjectDisposedException("peopleToRing"); | |
} | |
_fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open); | |
_sr = new StreamReader(_fs); | |
try | |
{ | |
string firstLine = _sr.ReadLine(); | |
_nPeopleToRing = uint.Parse(firstLine); | |
_isOpen = true; | |
} | |
catch (FormatException ex) | |
{ | |
throw new ColdCallFileFormatException( | |
$"First line isn\'t an integer {ex}"); | |
} | |
} | |
public void ProcessNextPerson() | |
{ | |
if (_isDisposed) | |
{ | |
throw new ObjectDisposedException("peopleToRing"); | |
} | |
if (!_isOpen) | |
{ | |
throw new UnexpectedException( | |
"Attempted to access coldcall file that is not open"); | |
} | |
try | |
{ | |
string name = _sr.ReadLine(); | |
if (name == null) | |
{ | |
throw new ColdCallFileFormatException("Not enough names"); | |
} | |
if (name[0] == 'B') | |
{ | |
throw new SalesSpyFoundException(name); | |
} | |
Console.WriteLine(name); | |
} | |
catch (SalesSpyFoundException ex) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); | |
} | |
finally | |
{ | |
} | |
} | |
public uint NPeopleToRing | |
{ | |
get | |
{ | |
if (_isDisposed) | |
{ | |
throw new ObjectDisposedException("peopleToRing"); | |
} | |
if (!_isOpen) | |
{ | |
throw new UnexpectedException( | |
"Attempted to access cold–call file that is not open"); | |
} | |
return _nPeopleToRing; | |
} | |
} | |
public void Dispose() | |
{ | |
if (_isDisposed) | |
{ | |
return; | |
} | |
_isDisposed = true; | |
_isOpen = false; | |
_fs?.Dispose(); | |
_fs = null; | |
} | |
} | |
class Program | |
{ | |
static void Main() | |
{ | |
Console.Write("Please type in the name of the file " + | |
"containing the names of the people to be cold called > "); | |
string fileName = Console.ReadLine(); | |
ColdCallFileReaderLoop1(fileName); | |
Console.WriteLine(); | |
ColdCallFileReaderLoop2(fileName); | |
Console.WriteLine(); | |
Console.ReadLine(); | |
} | |
private static void ColdCallFileReaderLoop2(string fileName) | |
{ | |
using (var peopleToRing = new ColdCallFileReader()) | |
{ | |
try | |
{ | |
peopleToRing.Open(fileName); | |
for (int i = 0; i < peopleToRing.NPeopleToRing; i++) | |
{ | |
peopleToRing.ProcessNextPerson(); | |
} | |
Console.WriteLine("All callers processed correctly"); | |
} | |
catch (FileNotFoundException) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"The file {fileName} does not exist"); | |
} | |
catch (ColdCallFileFormatException ex) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"The file {fileName} appears to have been corrupted"); | |
Console.WriteLine($"Details of problem are: {ex.Message}"); | |
if (ex.InnerException != null) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"Inner exception was: {ex.InnerException.Message}"); | |
} | |
} | |
catch (Exception ex) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"Exception occurred:\n{ex.Message}"); | |
} | |
} | |
} | |
public static void ColdCallFileReaderLoop1(string fileName) | |
{ | |
var peopleToRing = new ColdCallFileReader(); | |
try | |
{ | |
peopleToRing.Open(fileName); | |
for (int i = 0; i < peopleToRing.NPeopleToRing; i++) | |
{ | |
peopleToRing.ProcessNextPerson(); | |
} | |
Console.WriteLine("All callers processed correctly"); | |
} | |
catch (FileNotFoundException) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"The file {fileName} does not exist"); | |
} | |
catch (ColdCallFileFormatException ex) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"The file {fileName} appears to have been corrupted"); | |
Console.WriteLine($"Details of problem are: {ex.Message}"); | |
if (ex.InnerException != null) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"Inner exception was: {ex.InnerException.Message}"); | |
} | |
} | |
catch (Exception ex) | |
{ | |
Console.WriteLine($"Exception occurred:\n{ex.Message}"); | |
} | |
finally | |
{ | |
peopleToRing.Dispose(); | |
} | |
} | |
} |