Golang并发编程之main goroutine的创建与调度详解

0. 简介

上一篇博客我们分析了调度器的初始化，这篇博客我们正式进入main函数及为其创建的goroutine的过程分析。

1. 创建main goroutine

接上文，在runtime/asm_amd64.s文件的runtime·rt0_go中，在执行完runtime.schedinit函数进行调度器的初始化后，就开始创建main goroutine了。

// create a new goroutine to start program

MOVQ $runtime·mainPC(SB), AX // entry // mainPC是runtime.main

PUSHQ AX // 将runtime.main函数地址入栈，作为参数

CALL runtime·newproc(SB) // 创建main goroutine，入参就是runtime.main

POPQ AX

以上代码创建了一个新的协程（在Go中，go func()之类的相当于调用runtime.newproc），这个协程就是main goroutine，那我们就看看runtime·newproc函数做了什么。

// Create a new g running fn.
// Put it on the queue of g's waiting to run.
// The compiler turns a go statement into a call to this.
func newproc(fn *funcval) {
   gp := getg()         // 获取正在运行的g，初始化时是m.g0
   pc := getcallerpc()  // 返回的是调用newproc函数时由call指令压栈的函数的返回地址，即上面汇编语言的第行`POPQ AX`这条指令的地址
   systemstack(func() { // systemstack函数的作用是切换到系统栈来执行其参数函数，也就是`g`栈，这里当然就是m0.g0，所以基本不需要做什么
      newg := newproc(fn, gp, pc)

      _p_ := getg().m.p.ptr()
      runqput(_p_, newg, true)

      if mainStarted {
         wakep()
      }
   })
}

所以以上代码的重点就是调用newproc1函数进行协程的创建。

// Create a new g in state _Grunnable, starting at fn. callerpc is the
// address of the go statement that created this. The caller is responsible
// for adding the new g to the scheduler.
func newproc(fn *funcval, callergp *g, callerpc uintptr) *g {
   _g_ := getg() // _g_ = g，即m0.g0

   if fn == nil {
      _g_.m.throwing = - // do not dump full stacks
      throw("go of nil func value")
   }
   acquirem() // disable preemption because it can be holding p in a local var

   _p_ := _g_.m.p.ptr()
   newg := gfget(_p_)  // 从本地的已经废弃的g列表中获取一个g先，此时才刚初始化，所以肯定返回nil
   if newg == nil {
      newg = malg(_StackMin) // new一个g的结构体对象，然后在堆上分配k的栈大小，并设置stack和stackguard0/1
      casgstatus(newg, _Gidle, _Gdead)
      allgadd(newg) // publishes with a g->status of Gdead so GC scanner doesn't look at uninitialized stack.
   }
   if newg.stack.hi == {
      throw("newproc: newg missing stack")
   }

   if readgstatus(newg) != _Gdead {
      throw("newproc: new g is not Gdead")
   }

   // 调整栈顶指针
   totalSize := uintptr(*goarch.PtrSize + sys.MinFrameSize) // extra space in case of reads slightly beyond frame
   totalSize = alignUp(totalSize, sys.StackAlign)
   sp := newg.stack.hi - totalSize
   spArg := sp
   if usesLR {
      // caller's LR
      *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(sp)) =
      prepGoExitFrame(sp)
      spArg += sys.MinFrameSize
   }
   ...
}

上述代码从堆上分配了一个g的结构体，并且在堆上为其分配了一个2k大小的栈，并设置了好了newg的stack等相关参数。此时，newg的状态如图所示：

接着我们继续分析newproc1函数：

memclrNoHeapPointers(unsafe.Pointer(&newg.sched), unsafe.Sizeof(newg.sched))
newg.sched.sp = sp // 设置newg的栈顶
newg.stktopsp = sp
// newg.sched.pc表示当newg运行起来时的运行起始位置，下面一段是类似于代码注入，就好像每个go func() 
// 函数都是由goexit函数引起的一样，以便后面当newg结束后，
// 完成newg的回收（当然这里main goroutine结束后进程就结束了，不会被回收）。
newg.sched.pc = abi.FuncPCABI(goexit) + sys.PCQuantum // +PCQuantum so that previous instruction is in same function
newg.sched.g = guintptr(unsafe.Pointer(newg))
gostartcallfn(&newg.sched, fn) // 调整sched成员和newg的栈
newg.gopc = callerpc
newg.ancestors = saveAncestors(callergp)
newg.startpc = fn.fn
if isSystemGoroutine(newg, false) {
   atomic.Xadd(&sched.ngsys, +)
} else {
   // Only user goroutines inherit pprof labels.
   if _g_.m.curg != nil {
      newg.labels = _g_.m.curg.labels
   }
}

以上代码对newg的sched成员进行初始化，其中newg.sched.sp表示其被调度起来后应该使用的栈顶，newg.sched.pc表示其被调度起来从这个地址开始运行，但是这个值被设置成了goexit函数的下一条指令，所以我们看看，在gostartcallfn函数中，到底做了什么才能实现此功能：

// adjust Gobuf as if it executed a call to fn
// and then stopped before the first instruction in fn.
func gostartcallfn(gobuf *gobuf, fv *funcval) {
   var fn unsafe.Pointer
   if fv != nil {
      fn = unsafe.Pointer(fv.fn)
   } else {
      fn = unsafe.Pointer(abi.FuncPCABIInternal(nilfunc))
   }
   gostartcall(gobuf, fn, unsafe.Pointer(fv))
}

// sys_x.go
// adjust Gobuf as if it executed a call to fn with context ctxt
// and then stopped before the first instruction in fn.
func gostartcall(buf *gobuf, fn, ctxt unsafe.Pointer) {
   sp := buf.sp
   sp -= goarch.PtrSize
   *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(sp)) = buf.pc // 插入goexit的第二条指令，返回时可以调用
   buf.sp = sp                              
   buf.pc = uintptr(fn)                     // 此时才是真正地设置pc 
   buf.ctxt = ctxt
}

以上操作的目的就是：

调整newg的栈空间，把goexit函数的第二条指令的地址入栈，伪造成goexit函数调用了fn，从而使fn执行完成后执行ret指令时返回到goexit继续执行完成最后的清理工作；
重新设置newg.buf.pc 为需要执行的函数的地址，即fn，此场景为runtime.main函数的地址。

接下来会设置newg的状态为runnable；最后别忘了newproc函数中还有几行：

newg := newproc(fn, gp, pc)

_p_ := getg().m.p.ptr()
runqput(_p_, newg, true)

if mainStarted {
   wakep()
}

在创建完newg后，将其放到此线程的g0（这里是m0.g0）所在的runq队列，并且优先插入到队列的前端（runqput第三个参数为true），做完这些后，我们可以得出以下的关系：

2. 调度main goroutine

上一节我们分析了main goroutine的创建过程，这一节我们讨论一下，调度器如何把main goroutine调度到CPU上去运行。让我们继续回到runtime/asm_amd64.s中，在完成runtime.newproc创建完main goroutine之后，正式执行runtime·mstart来执行，而runtime·mstart最终会调用go写的runtime·mstart0函数。

// start this M

CALL runtime·mstart(SB)

CALL runtime·abort(SB) // mstart should never return

RET

TEXT runtime·mstart(SB),NOSPLIT|TOPFRAME,$0

CALL runtime·mstart0(SB)

RET // not reached

runtime·mstart0函数如下：

func mstart() {
   _g_ := getg() // _g_ = &g

   osStack := _g_.stack.lo ==
   if osStack { // g的stack.lo已经初始化，所以不会走以下逻辑
      // Initialize stack bounds from system stack.
      // Cgo may have left stack size in stack.hi.
      // minit may update the stack bounds.
      //
      // Note: these bounds may not be very accurate.
      // We set hi to &size, but there are things above
      // it. The is supposed to compensate this,
      // but is somewhat arbitrary.
      size := _g_.stack.hi
      if size == {
         size = * sys.StackGuardMultiplier
      }
      _g_.stack.hi = uintptr(noescape(unsafe.Pointer(&size)))
      _g_.stack.lo = _g_.stack.hi - size +
   }
   // Initialize stack guard so that we can start calling regular
   // Go code.
   _g_.stackguard = _g_.stack.lo + _StackGuard
   // This is the g, so we can also call go:systemstack
   // functions, which check stackguard.
   _g_.stackguard = _g_.stackguard0
   mstart()

   // Exit this thread.
   if mStackIsSystemAllocated() {
      // Windows, Solaris, illumos, Darwin, AIX and Plan always system-allocate
      // the stack, but put it in _g_.stack before mstart,
      // so the logic above hasn't set osStack yet.
      osStack = true
   }
   mexit(osStack)
}

以上代码设置了一些栈信息之后，调用runtime.mstart1函数：

func mstart() {
   _g_ := getg() // _g_ = &g

   if _g_ != _g_.m.g { // _g_ = &g0
      throw("bad runtime·mstart")
   }

   // Set up m.g.sched as a label returning to just
   // after the mstart call in mstart0 above, for use by goexit0 and mcall.
   // We're never coming back to mstart after we call schedule,
   // so other calls can reuse the current frame.
   // And goexit does a gogo that needs to return from mstart1
   // and let mstart exit the thread.
   _g_.sched.g = guintptr(unsafe.Pointer(_g_))
   _g_.sched.pc = getcallerpc() // getcallerpc()获取mstart执行完的返回地址
   _g_.sched.sp = getcallersp() // getcallersp()获取调用mstart时的栈顶地址

   asminit()
   minit() // 信号相关初始化

   // Install signal handlers; after minit so that minit can
   // prepare the thread to be able to handle the signals.
   if _g_.m == &m {
      mstartm()
   }

   if fn := _g_.m.mstartfn; fn != nil {
      fn()
   }

   if _g_.m != &m {
      acquirep(_g_.m.nextp.ptr())
      _g_.m.nextp =
   }
   schedule()
}

可以看到mstart1函数保存额调度相关的信息，特别是保存了正在运行的g0的下一条指令和栈顶地址，这些调度信息对于goroutine而言是很重要的。

接下来就是golang调度系统的核心函数runtime.schedule了：

func schedule() {
   _g_ := getg() // _g_ 是每个工作线程的m的m，在初始化的场景就是m0.g0

   ...

   var gp *g
   var inheritTime bool

   ...
   
   if gp == nil {
      // 为了保证调度的公平性，每进行次调度就需要优先从全局队列中获取goroutine
      // Check the global runnable queue once in a while to ensure fairness.
      // Otherwise two goroutines can completely occupy the local runqueue
      // by constantly respawning each other.
      if _g_.m.p.ptr().schedtick% == 0 && sched.runqsize > 0 {
         lock(&sched.lock)
         gp = globrunqget(_g_.m.p.ptr(),)
         unlock(&sched.lock)
      }
   }
   if gp == nil { // 从p本地的队列中获取goroutine
      gp, inheritTime = runqget(_g_.m.p.ptr())
      // We can see gp != nil here even if the M is spinning,
      // if checkTimers added a local goroutine via goready.
   }
   if gp == nil { // 如果以上两者都没有，那么就需要从其他p哪里窃取goroutine
      gp, inheritTime = findrunnable() // blocks until work is available
   }

   ...

   execute(gp, inheritTime)
}

以上我们节选了一些和调度相关的代码，意图简化我们的理解，调度中获取goroutine的规则是：

每调度61次就需要从全局队列中获取goroutine；
其次优先从本P所在队列中获取goroutine；
如果还没有获取到，则从其他P的运行队列中窃取goroutine；

最后调用runtime.excute函数运行代码：

func execute(gp *g, inheritTime bool) {
   _g_ := getg()

   // Assign gp.m before entering _Grunning so running Gs have an
   // M.
   _g_.m.curg = gp
   gp.m = _g_.m
   casgstatus(gp, _Grunnable, _Grunning) // 设置gp的状态
   gp.waitsince =
   gp.preempt = false
   gp.stackguard = gp.stack.lo + _StackGuard
   
   ...

   gogo(&gp.sched)
}

在完成gp运行前的准备工作后，excute函数调用gogo函数完成从g0到gp的转换：

让出CPU的执行权；
栈的切换；

gogo函数是用汇编语言编写的精悍的一段代码，这里就不详细分析了，其主要做了两件事：

把gp.sched的成员恢复到CPU的寄存器完成状态以及栈的切换；
跳转到gp.sched.pc所指的指令地址（runtime.main）处执行。

func main() {
   g := getg() // _g_ = main_goroutine

   // Racectx of m->g0 is used only as the parent of the main goroutine.
   // It must not be used for anything else.
   g.m.g.racectx = 0

   // golang栈的最大值
   // Max stack size is GB on 64-bit, 250 MB on 32-bit.
   // Using decimal instead of binary GB and MB because
   // they look nicer in the stack overflow failure message.
   if goarch.PtrSize == {
      maxstacksize =
   } else {
      maxstacksize =
   }

   // An upper limit for max stack size. Used to avoid random crashes
   // after calling SetMaxStack and trying to allocate a stack that is too big,
   // since stackalloc works with-bit sizes.
   maxstackceiling = * maxstacksize

   // Allow newproc to start new Ms.
   mainStarted = true

   // 需要切换到g栈去执行newm
   // 创建监控线程，该线程独立于调度器，无需与P关联
   if GOARCH != "wasm" { // no threads on wasm yet, so no sysmon
      systemstack(func() {
         newm(sysmon, nil, -)
      })
   }

   // Lock the main goroutine onto this, the main OS thread,
   // during initialization. Most programs won't care, but a few
   // do require certain calls to be made by the main thread.
   // Those can arrange for main.main to run in the main thread
   // by calling runtime.LockOSThread during initialization
   // to preserve the lock.
   lockOSThread()

   if g.m != &m {
      throw("runtime.main not on m")
   }

   // Record when the world started.
   // Must be before doInit for tracing init.
   runtimeInitTime = nanotime()
   if runtimeInitTime == {
      throw("nanotime returning zero")
   }

   if debug.inittrace != {
      inittrace.id = getg().goid
      inittrace.active = true
   }

   // runtime包的init
   doInit(&runtime_inittask) // Must be before defer.

   // Defer unlock so that runtime.Goexit during init does the unlock too.
   needUnlock := true
   defer func() {
      if needUnlock {
         unlockOSThread()
      }
   }()

   gcenable()

   main_init_done = make(chan bool)
   if iscgo {
      if _cgo_thread_start == nil {
         throw("_cgo_thread_start missing")
      }
      if GOOS != "windows" {
         if _cgo_setenv == nil {
            throw("_cgo_setenv missing")
         }
         if _cgo_unsetenv == nil {
            throw("_cgo_unsetenv missing")
         }
      }
      if _cgo_notify_runtime_init_done == nil {
         throw("_cgo_notify_runtime_init_done missing")
      }
      // Start the template thread in case we enter Go from
      // a C-created thread and need to create a new thread.
      startTemplateThread()
      cgocall(_cgo_notify_runtime_init_done, nil)
   }

   doInit(&main_inittask) // main包的init，会递归调用import的包的初始化函数

   // Disable init tracing after main init done to avoid overhead
   // of collecting statistics in malloc and newproc
   inittrace.active = false

   close(main_init_done)

   needUnlock = false
   unlockOSThread()

   if isarchive || islibrary {
      // A program compiled with -buildmode=c-archive or c-shared
      // has a main, but it is not executed.
      return
   }
   fn := main_main // make an indirect call, as the linker doesn't know the address of the main package when laying down the runtime
   fn() // 执行main函数
   if raceenabled {
      racefini()
   }

   // Make racy client program work: if panicking on
   // another goroutine at the same time as main returns,
   // let the other goroutine finish printing the panic trace.
   // Once it does, it will exit. See issues and 20018.
   if atomic.Load(&runningPanicDefers) != {
      // Running deferred functions should not take long.
      for c :=; c < 1000; c++ {
         if atomic.Load(&runningPanicDefers) == {
            break
         }
         Gosched()
      }
   }
   if atomic.Load(&panicking) != {
      gopark(nil, nil, waitReasonPanicWait, traceEvGoStop,)
   }

   exit()
   for {
      var x *int
      *x =
   }
}

runtime.main函数的主要工作是：

启动一个sysmon系统监控线程，该线程负责程序的gc、抢占调度等；
执行runtime包和所有包的初始化；
执行main.main函数；
最后调用exit系统调用退出进程，之前提到的注入goexit程序对main goroutine不起作用，是为了其他线程的回收而做的。

Golang并发编程之main goroutine的创建与调度详解

目录

0. 简介

1. 创建main goroutine

2. 调度main goroutine