- 将字符映射成二进制数据的过程叫编码，将二进制数据映射到字符的过程叫做解码
- ASCII字符集： 有128个字符。包括空格/标点符号/数字/大小写字母和不可见字符。
- ISO 8859-1 字符集合：有256个字符，在ASCII字符集基础上扩展了128个西欧常用字符（包括德法字符）。它可以使用一个字节来进行编码（它的别名称叫Latin1）
- GB2312字符集：包括汉子和拉丁字母/希腊字母/日文/俄文等。如果字符集包含在ASCII字符集中，则采用一个字节编码，否则采用两个字没编码。
- GBK字符集：对GB2312字符集进行了扩充。编码方式兼容GB2312.
- UTF-8字符集：收录了当今世界各个国家地区使用的字符，并且还在扩充。它兼容ASCII字符集。采用变长编码方式，编码一个字符时需要使用1到4字节。
- mysql 不区分字符集和编码方案的概念。
- mysql utf8mb3: "阉割"过的utf-8字符集，只使用1-3个字节表示字符。
- mysql utf8mb4: 正宗的utf-8字符集，使用1-4个字节表示字符。
- mysql 中utf8是 utf8mb3的别名。
- mysql 中如果要存放表情，则使用utf8mb4.
mysql> show charset
-> ;
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
| ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
| cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
| cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
| cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
| euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
| gb18030 | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci | 4 |
| gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
| gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |
| geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
| greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
| hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
| latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
| latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
| latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
| macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |
| macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
| sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
| swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
| tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
| ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
| ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
| utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 |
| utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 |
| utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 |
| utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |
| utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci | 4 |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
字符集比价规则
mysql> SHOW COLLATION;
+----------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+
| Collation | Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen | Pad_attribute |
+----------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+
| armscii8_bin | armscii8 | 64 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| armscii8_general_ci | armscii8 | 32 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ascii_bin | ascii | 65 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ascii_general_ci | ascii | 11 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| big5_bin | big5 | 84 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| big5_chinese_ci | big5 | 1 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| binary | binary | 63 | Yes | Yes | 1 | NO PAD |
| cp1250_bin | cp1250 | 66 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1250_croatian_ci | cp1250 | 44 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1250_czech_cs | cp1250 | 34 | | Yes | 2 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1250_general_ci | cp1250 | 26 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1250_polish_ci | cp1250 | 99 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1251_bin | cp1251 | 50 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1251_bulgarian_ci | cp1251 | 14 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1251_general_ci | cp1251 | 51 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1251_general_cs | cp1251 | 52 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1251_ukrainian_ci | cp1251 | 23 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1256_bin | cp1256 | 67 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1256_general_ci | cp1256 | 57 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1257_bin | cp1257 | 58 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1257_general_ci | cp1257 | 59 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp1257_lithuanian_ci | cp1257 | 29 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp850_bin | cp850 | 80 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp850_general_ci | cp850 | 4 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp852_bin | cp852 | 81 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp852_general_ci | cp852 | 40 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp866_bin | cp866 | 68 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp866_general_ci | cp866 | 36 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp932_bin | cp932 | 96 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| cp932_japanese_ci | cp932 | 95 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| dec8_bin | dec8 | 69 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| dec8_swedish_ci | dec8 | 3 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| eucjpms_bin | eucjpms | 98 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| eucjpms_japanese_ci | eucjpms | 97 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| euckr_bin | euckr | 85 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| euckr_korean_ci | euckr | 19 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| gb18030_bin | gb18030 | 249 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| gb18030_chinese_ci | gb18030 | 248 | Yes | Yes | 2 | PAD SPACE |
| gb18030_unicode_520_ci | gb18030 | 250 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| gb2312_bin | gb2312 | 86 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| gb2312_chinese_ci | gb2312 | 24 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| gbk_bin | gbk | 87 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| gbk_chinese_ci | gbk | 28 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| geostd8_bin | geostd8 | 93 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| geostd8_general_ci | geostd8 | 92 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| greek_bin | greek | 70 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| greek_general_ci | greek | 25 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| hebrew_bin | hebrew | 71 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| hebrew_general_ci | hebrew | 16 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| hp8_bin | hp8 | 72 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| hp8_english_ci | hp8 | 6 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| keybcs2_bin | keybcs2 | 73 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| keybcs2_general_ci | keybcs2 | 37 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| koi8r_bin | koi8r | 74 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| koi8r_general_ci | koi8r | 7 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| koi8u_bin | koi8u | 75 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| koi8u_general_ci | koi8u | 22 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_bin | latin1 | 47 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_danish_ci | latin1 | 15 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_general_ci | latin1 | 48 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_general_cs | latin1 | 49 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_german1_ci | latin1 | 5 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_german2_ci | latin1 | 31 | | Yes | 2 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_spanish_ci | latin1 | 94 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin1_swedish_ci | latin1 | 8 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin2_bin | latin2 | 77 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin2_croatian_ci | latin2 | 27 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin2_czech_cs | latin2 | 2 | | Yes | 4 | PAD SPACE |
| latin2_general_ci | latin2 | 9 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin2_hungarian_ci | latin2 | 21 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin5_bin | latin5 | 78 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin5_turkish_ci | latin5 | 30 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin7_bin | latin7 | 79 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin7_estonian_cs | latin7 | 20 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin7_general_ci | latin7 | 41 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| latin7_general_cs | latin7 | 42 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| macce_bin | macce | 43 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| macce_general_ci | macce | 38 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| macroman_bin | macroman | 53 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| macroman_general_ci | macroman | 39 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| sjis_bin | sjis | 88 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| sjis_japanese_ci | sjis | 13 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| swe7_bin | swe7 | 82 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| swe7_swedish_ci | swe7 | 10 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| tis620_bin | tis620 | 89 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| tis620_thai_ci | tis620 | 18 | Yes | Yes | 4 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_bin | ucs2 | 90 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_croatian_ci | ucs2 | 149 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_czech_ci | ucs2 | 138 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_danish_ci | ucs2 | 139 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_esperanto_ci | ucs2 | 145 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_estonian_ci | ucs2 | 134 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_general_ci | ucs2 | 35 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_general_mysql500_ci | ucs2 | 159 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_german2_ci | ucs2 | 148 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_hungarian_ci | ucs2 | 146 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_icelandic_ci | ucs2 | 129 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_latvian_ci | ucs2 | 130 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_lithuanian_ci | ucs2 | 140 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_persian_ci | ucs2 | 144 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_polish_ci | ucs2 | 133 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_romanian_ci | ucs2 | 131 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_roman_ci | ucs2 | 143 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_sinhala_ci | ucs2 | 147 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_slovak_ci | ucs2 | 141 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_slovenian_ci | ucs2 | 132 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_spanish2_ci | ucs2 | 142 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_spanish_ci | ucs2 | 135 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_swedish_ci | ucs2 | 136 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_turkish_ci | ucs2 | 137 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_unicode_520_ci | ucs2 | 150 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_unicode_ci | ucs2 | 128 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ucs2_vietnamese_ci | ucs2 | 151 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| ujis_bin | ujis | 91 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| ujis_japanese_ci | ujis | 12 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16le_bin | utf16le | 62 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16le_general_ci | utf16le | 56 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_bin | utf16 | 55 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_croatian_ci | utf16 | 122 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_czech_ci | utf16 | 111 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_danish_ci | utf16 | 112 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_esperanto_ci | utf16 | 118 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_estonian_ci | utf16 | 107 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_general_ci | utf16 | 54 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_german2_ci | utf16 | 121 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_hungarian_ci | utf16 | 119 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_icelandic_ci | utf16 | 102 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_latvian_ci | utf16 | 103 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_lithuanian_ci | utf16 | 113 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_persian_ci | utf16 | 117 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_polish_ci | utf16 | 106 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_romanian_ci | utf16 | 104 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_roman_ci | utf16 | 116 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_sinhala_ci | utf16 | 120 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_slovak_ci | utf16 | 114 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_slovenian_ci | utf16 | 105 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_spanish2_ci | utf16 | 115 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_spanish_ci | utf16 | 108 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_swedish_ci | utf16 | 109 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_turkish_ci | utf16 | 110 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_unicode_520_ci | utf16 | 123 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_unicode_ci | utf16 | 101 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf16_vietnamese_ci | utf16 | 124 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_bin | utf32 | 61 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_croatian_ci | utf32 | 181 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_czech_ci | utf32 | 170 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_danish_ci | utf32 | 171 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_esperanto_ci | utf32 | 177 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_estonian_ci | utf32 | 166 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_general_ci | utf32 | 60 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_german2_ci | utf32 | 180 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_hungarian_ci | utf32 | 178 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_icelandic_ci | utf32 | 161 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_latvian_ci | utf32 | 162 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_lithuanian_ci | utf32 | 172 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_persian_ci | utf32 | 176 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_polish_ci | utf32 | 165 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_romanian_ci | utf32 | 163 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_roman_ci | utf32 | 175 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_sinhala_ci | utf32 | 179 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_slovak_ci | utf32 | 173 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_slovenian_ci | utf32 | 164 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_spanish2_ci | utf32 | 174 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_spanish_ci | utf32 | 167 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_swedish_ci | utf32 | 168 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_turkish_ci | utf32 | 169 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_unicode_520_ci | utf32 | 182 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_unicode_ci | utf32 | 160 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf32_vietnamese_ci | utf32 | 183 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 255 | Yes | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_0900_as_ci | utf8mb4 | 305 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 278 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_0900_bin | utf8mb4 | 309 | | Yes | 1 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_bin | utf8mb4 | 46 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_croatian_ci | utf8mb4 | 245 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_cs_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 266 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_cs_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 289 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_czech_ci | utf8mb4 | 234 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_danish_ci | utf8mb4 | 235 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_da_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 267 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_da_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 290 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_de_pb_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 256 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_de_pb_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 279 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_eo_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 273 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_eo_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 296 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_esperanto_ci | utf8mb4 | 241 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_estonian_ci | utf8mb4 | 230 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_es_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 263 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_es_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 286 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_es_trad_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 270 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_es_trad_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 293 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_et_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 262 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_et_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 285 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_general_ci | utf8mb4 | 45 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_german2_ci | utf8mb4 | 244 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_hr_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 275 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_hr_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 298 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_hungarian_ci | utf8mb4 | 242 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_hu_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 274 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_hu_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 297 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_icelandic_ci | utf8mb4 | 225 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_is_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 257 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_is_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 280 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_ja_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 303 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_ja_0900_as_cs_ks | utf8mb4 | 304 | | Yes | 24 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_latvian_ci | utf8mb4 | 226 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_la_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 271 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_la_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 294 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_lithuanian_ci | utf8mb4 | 236 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_lt_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 268 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_lt_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 291 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_lv_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 258 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_lv_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 281 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_persian_ci | utf8mb4 | 240 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_pl_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 261 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_pl_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 284 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_polish_ci | utf8mb4 | 229 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_romanian_ci | utf8mb4 | 227 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_roman_ci | utf8mb4 | 239 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_ro_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 259 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_ro_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 282 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_ru_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 306 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_ru_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 307 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_sinhala_ci | utf8mb4 | 243 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_sk_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 269 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_sk_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 292 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_slovak_ci | utf8mb4 | 237 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_slovenian_ci | utf8mb4 | 228 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_sl_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 260 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_sl_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 283 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_spanish2_ci | utf8mb4 | 238 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_spanish_ci | utf8mb4 | 231 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_sv_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 264 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_sv_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 287 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_swedish_ci | utf8mb4 | 232 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_tr_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 265 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_tr_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 288 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_turkish_ci | utf8mb4 | 233 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_unicode_520_ci | utf8mb4 | 246 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_unicode_ci | utf8mb4 | 224 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_vietnamese_ci | utf8mb4 | 247 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8mb4_vi_0900_ai_ci | utf8mb4 | 277 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_vi_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 300 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8mb4_zh_0900_as_cs | utf8mb4 | 308 | | Yes | 0 | NO PAD |
| utf8_bin | utf8 | 83 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_croatian_ci | utf8 | 213 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_czech_ci | utf8 | 202 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_danish_ci | utf8 | 203 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_esperanto_ci | utf8 | 209 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_estonian_ci | utf8 | 198 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_general_ci | utf8 | 33 | Yes | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_general_mysql500_ci | utf8 | 223 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_german2_ci | utf8 | 212 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_hungarian_ci | utf8 | 210 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_icelandic_ci | utf8 | 193 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_latvian_ci | utf8 | 194 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_lithuanian_ci | utf8 | 204 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_persian_ci | utf8 | 208 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_polish_ci | utf8 | 197 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_romanian_ci | utf8 | 195 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_roman_ci | utf8 | 207 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_sinhala_ci | utf8 | 211 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_slovak_ci | utf8 | 205 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_slovenian_ci | utf8 | 196 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_spanish2_ci | utf8 | 206 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_spanish_ci | utf8 | 199 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_swedish_ci | utf8 | 200 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_tolower_ci | utf8 | 76 | | Yes | 1 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_turkish_ci | utf8 | 201 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_unicode_520_ci | utf8 | 214 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_unicode_ci | utf8 | 192 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
| utf8_vietnamese_ci | utf8 | 215 | | Yes | 8 | PAD SPACE |
+----------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+---------------+
- 比较规则名称以其关联的字符集的名称开头。
- 后面紧跟着该比较规则所对应的语言。
如：utf8_polish_ci
3. 后缀ci表示该比较规则是否区分中间语言中的重音，大小写等。
- _ci: case insensitive 不区分大小写
- _cs：case sensitive 区分大小写
- _ai： accent insensitive 不区分重音
- _as: accent sensitive 区分重音
- _bin：binary 以二进制方式
4. 字符集与比较规则有四个级别：服务器级别/数据库级别/表级别/列级别
mysql> SHOW variables like "%character_set_server%";
+----------------------+---------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+----------------------+---------+
| character_set_server | utf8mb4 |
+----------------------+---------+
mysql> SHOW variables like "%character_set_database%";
+------------------------+---------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------+---------+
| character_set_database | utf8mb4 |
+------------------------+---------+
mysql> SHOW variables like "%collation_server%";
+------------------+--------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------+--------------------+
| collation_server | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci |
+------------------+--------------------+
mysql> SHOW variables like "%collation_database%";
+--------------------+--------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------+--------------------+
| collation_database | utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci |
+--------------------+--------------------+