MySQL子查询详解(单行子查询、多行子查询与相关子查询)

MySQL
429
0
0
2023-02-12
目录
  • 0.概念
  • 1.需求分析与问题解决
  • 1.1提出具体问题:
  • 1.2 子查询的基本使用: 子查询的基本语法结构:
  • 1.3 子查询的分类
  • 2.单行子查询
  • 2.1实例:
  • 2.2空值问题
  • 2.3非法使用子查询
  • 3.多行子查询
  • 3.1多行比较操作符
  • 3.2代码实例
  • 3.3空值问题
  • 4.相关子查询
  • 4.1代码实例
  • 4.2结论:
  • 4.3EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS关键字
  • 5.相关更新
  • 5.相关删除
  • 总结

0.概念

子查询:一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句内部

1.需求分析与问题解决

1.1提出具体问题:

请添加图片描述

# 法一:效率低
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'ABEL'
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;

#法二:自连接
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e2.`salary` > e1.`salary`
AND e1.`last_name` = 'Abel';

#法三:子查询
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE last_name = 'ABEL'
               );

# 称谓的规范:外查询(主查询),内查询(子查询)

1.2 子查询的基本使用: 子查询的基本语法结构:

请添加图片描述

子查询(内查询)在主查询之前一次执行完成。
子查询的结果被主查询(外查询)使用 。

注意事项

  • 子查询要包含在括号内
  • 将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
  • 单行操作符对应单行子查询,多行操作符对应多行子查询

1.3 子查询的分类

角度一:从内查询返回结果的条目数

单行子查询

多行子查询

子查询结果只有一个数据

子查询数据返回多个

角度二:内查询是否被执行多次

相关子查询

不相关子查询

查询工资大于本部门平均工资的员工信息

查询工资大于本公司平均工资的员工信息

2.单行子查询

操作符

含义

=

equal to

>

greater than

>=

greater than or equal to

<

less than

<=

less than or equal to

<>

not equal to

2.1实例:

# 查询工资大于149号员工工资的信息
SELECT salary,last_name,employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT salary 
		FROM employees
		WHERE employee_id = 149
		);
		
		
# 返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名,job_id和工资
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id 
		FROM employees 
		WHERE employee_id = 141) 
      AND 
      salary > (SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE employee_id = 143
		);
		
# 返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
		SELECT MIN(salary)
		FROM employees
);

# 查询与141号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id,
# manager_id,department_id
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE 
	
	manager_id = (SELECT manager_id 
			FROM employees 
			WHERE employee_id = 141)  
AND 
	department_id =(SELECT department_id
			FROM employees 
			WHERE employee_id = 141)
AND 
	employee_id <> 141;

#方式二:成对查询
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id,department_id) = (
				   SELECT manager_id,department_id
				   FROM employees
				   WHERE employee_id = 141
				   )
				   AND employee_id <> 141;


# 查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id,salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id 
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
			SELECT MIN(salary)
			FROM employees
			WHERE department_id = 50
		     )
ORDER BY MIN(salary) DESC;

# 题目:显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。
# 其中,若员工department_id与location_id为1800
# 的department_id相同,则location为'Canada',其余则为'USA'SELECT employee_id,last_name,
	CASE department_id 	
	WHEN (  SELECT department_id 
		FROM departments 
		WHERE location_id = 1800) THEN 'Canada' 
	ELSE 'USA'
	END "location"
FROM employees;

2.2空值问题

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (
SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
);

内查询的结果是NULL空值,不会报错,但是也不会显示数据

2.3非法使用子查询

SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary =
(SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id);

这里内查询返回的结果是一列数据,不能使用等于号连接,必须使用in

3.多行子查询

  • 也称为集合比较子查询
  • 内查询返回多行
  • 使用多行比较操作符

3.1多行比较操作符

操作符

含义

IN

等于列表中的任意一个

ANY

需要和单行比较操作符一起使用,和子查询返回的某一个值比较

ALL

需要和单行比较操作符一起使用,和子查询返回的所有值比较

SOME

实际上是ANY的别名,作用相同,一般常使用ANY

3.2代码实例

SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary in
(SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id);
返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
#返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG'部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ANY(
		   SELECT salary
		   FROM employees
		   WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
		  )
AND
job_id <> 'IT_PROG';

#返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG'部门所有工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ALL(
		   SELECT salary
		   FROM employees
		   WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
		  )
AND
job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
查询平均工资最低的部门id
相当于创建了一张临时的表
# 聚合函数不能嵌套,单行函数才能嵌套使用
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
			FROM (
			SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
		     )t_dept_avg_sal);

#方式二
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL(
			SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
		     );

3.3空值问题

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (
			SELECT manager_id
			FROM employees
			#where manager_id is not null
			 );

4.相关子查询

如果子查询的执行依赖于外部查询,通常情况下都是因为子查询中的表用到了外部的表,并进行了条件关联,因此每执行一次外部查询,子查询都要重新计算一次,这样的子查询就称之为 关联子查询 .相关子查询按照一行接一行的顺序执行,主查询的每一行都执行一次子查询。

请添加图片描述

请添加图片描述

4.1代码实例

题目:查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
#回顾:查询员工中工资大于本公司平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees e2
		);

#题目:查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees e2
		WHERE department_id = e1.`department_id`
		);

#方式二,在from中声明子查询
SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e,(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
		  FROM employees
		  GROUP BY department_id) temp
WHERE e.department_id = temp.department_id
AND e.salary > temp.avg_sal;
题目:查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name 排序
SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e1
ORDER BY (
	SELECT department_name
	FROM departments d 
	WHERE e1.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
	 );
题目:若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2,输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id
#若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2,输出这些相同
#id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id
FROM employees e
WHERE  2 <= (SELECT COUNT(*)
	      FROM job_history j
	      WHERE e.`employee_id` = j.`employee_id`
	     );

4.2结论:

在哪里可以写子查询:

在select中,除了GROUP BY 和 LIMIT之外,其他位置都可以声明子查询

4.3EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS关键字

关联子查询通常也会和 EXISTS操作符一起来使用,用来检查在子查询中是否存在满足条件的行。

如果在子查询中不存在满足条件的行:

  • 条件返回 FALSE
  • 继续在子查询中查找
  • 如果在子查询中存在满足条件的行:
  • 不在子查询中继续查找
  • 条件返回 TRUE
  • NOT EXISTS关键字表示如果不存在某种条件,则返回TRUE,否则返回FALSE。
题目:查询departments表中,不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name
#方式一:自连接
SELECT DISTINCT e1.employee_id,e1.last_name,e1.job_id,e1.department_id
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2
WHERE e1.`employee_id` = e2.`manager_id`

#方式二:子查询
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
		        SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
			FROM employees
		     )

#方式三:exists
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees e2
		WHERE e1.`employee_id`= e2.`manager_id`
	     )
查询departments表中,不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name
#方式一:
SELECT d.department_id,d.department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
WHERE e.department_id IS NULL;

#方式二:
SELECT department_id,department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
		 SELECT *
		 FROM employees e
		 WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
		 );

5.相关更新

UPDATE table1 alias1
SET column = (SELECT expression
			  FROM table2 alias2
			  WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column);

使用相关子查询依据一个表中的数据更新另一个表的数据。

题目:在employees中增加一个department_name字段,数据为员工对应的部门名称
# 1ALTER TABLE employees
ADD(department_name VARCHAR2(14));
# 2UPDATE employees e
SET department_name = (SELECT department_name
					   FROM departments d
				       WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id);

5.相关删除

DELETE FROM table1 alias1  
WHERE column operator (SELECT expression  
					   FROM table2 alias2  
					   WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column);

使用相关子查询依据一个表中的数据删除另一个表的数据.

题目:删除表employees中,其与emp_history表皆有的数据
DELETE FROM employees e  
WHERE employee_id in  
				(SELECT employee_id  
				FROM emp_history  
				WHERE employee_id = e.employee_id);

问题:谁的工资比Abel的高?

解答:

   #方式1:自连接  
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary  
FROM employees e1,employees e2  
WHERE e1.last_name = 'Abel'  
AND e1.`salary` < e2.`salary`  
#方式2:子查询  
SELECT last_name,salary  
FROM employees  
WHERE salary > (  
				SELECT salary  
				FROM employees  
				WHERE last_name = 'Abel'  
			   );

问题:以上两种方式有好坏之分吗?

解答:自连接方式好!

题目中可以使用子查询,也可以使用自连接。一般情况建议你使用自连接,因为在许多 DBMS 的处理过程中,对于自连接的处理速度要比子查询快得多。

可以这样理解:子查询实际上是通过未知表进行查询后的条件判断,而自连接是通过已知的自身数据表进行条件判断,因此在大部分 DBMS 中都对自连接处理进行了优化。