Python 高质量类编写指南

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2024-09-26
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原文：https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lX9UQp2NwTk 代码：https://github.com/ArjanCodes/examples/tree/main/2023/classguide

Python 高质量类编写指南

class

我们将通过一些方法增加类的可读性和易用性。

  1. 1. 通过（按照属性或行为）拆分类，保持类精简
  2. 2. 通过__str__ , @property等使得类容易访问。
  3. 3. 使用依赖注入(dependency injection) 减少耦合。
  4. 4. 只在必要时使用类。
  5. 5. 适度封装，通过__<name> 约定私有属性。

开始时的Person类，包含非常多的属性和方法，阅读、修改和使用时都比较不方便。

from dataclasses import dataclass
from email.message import EmailMessage
from smtplib import SMTP_SSL
 
SMTP_SERVER = "smtp.gmail.com"
PORT = 465
EMAIL = "hi@arjancodes.com"
PASSWORD = "password"
 
# todo 1. 精简类
@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str
    age: int
    address_line_1: str
    address_line_2: str
    city: str
    country: str
    postal_code: str
    email: str
    phone_number: str
    gender: str
    height: float
    weight: float
    blood_type: str
    eye_color: str
    hair_color: str
 
    def split_name(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
        first_name, last_name = self.name.split(" ")
        return first_name, last_name
 
    def get_full_address(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.address_line_1}, {self.address_line_2}, {self.city}, {self.country}, {self.postal_code}"
 
    def get_bmi(self) -> float:
        return self.weight / (self.height**2)
 
    def get_bmi_category(self) -> str:
        if self.get_bmi() < 18.5:
            return "Underweight"
        elif self.get_bmi() < 25:
            return "Normal"
        elif self.get_bmi() < 30:
            return "Overweight"
        else:
            return "Obese"
 
    def update_email(self, email: str) -> None:
        self.email = email
        # send email to the new address
        msg = EmailMessage()  #  todo 3. 通过依赖注入连少耦合。
        msg.set_content(
            "Your email has been updated. If this was not you, you have a problem."
        )
        msg["Subject"] = "Your email has been updated."
        msg["To"] = self.email
 
        with SMTP_SSL(SMTP_SERVER, PORT) as server:
            # server.login(EMAIL, PASSWORD)
            # server.send_message(msg, EMAIL)
            pass
        print("Email sent successfully!")
    # todo 2. 增加@propery 和 __str__ 使得类容易访问
    
def main() -> None:
    # create a person
    person = Person(
        name="John Doe",
        age=30,
        address_line_1="123 Main St",
        address_line_2="Apt 1",
        city="New York",
        country="USA",
        postal_code="12345",
        email="johndoe@gmail.com",
        phone_number="123-456-7890",
        gender="Male",
        height=1.8,
        weight=80,
        blood_type="A+",
        eye_color="Brown",
        hair_color="Black",
    )
 
    # compute the BMI
    bmi = person.get_bmi()
    print(f"Your BMI is {bmi:.2f}")
    print(f"Your BMI category is {person.get_bmi_category()}")
 
    # update the email address
    person.update_email("johndoe@outlook.com")
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

1. 保持类精简

保持类精简，如果你发现类很复杂，考虑将类拆分。有两种简单的拆分方式：

  • • 根据属性拆分（专注数据）
  • • 根据方法拆分（专注行为）

我们根据属性，从Person类拆分出Stats和Address两个数据类。

from dataclasses import dataclass
from functools import cached_property
 
from email_tools.service import EmailService
 
SMTP_SERVER = "smtp.gmail.com"
PORT = 465
EMAIL = "hi@arjancodes.com"
PASSWORD = "password"
 
 
@dataclass
class Stats:
    age: int
    gender: str
    height: float
    weight: float
    blood_type: str
    eye_color: str
    hair_color: str
 
    @cached_property
    def bmi(self) -> float:
        return self.weight / (self.height**2)
 
    def get_bmi_category(self) -> str:
        if self.bmi < 18.5:
            return "Underweight"
        elif self.bmi < 25:
            return "Normal"
        elif self.bmi < 30:
            return "Overweight"
        else:
            return "Obese"
 
 
@dataclass
class Address:
    address_line_1: str
    address_line_2: str
    city: str
    country: str
    postal_code: str
 
    def get_full_address(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.address_line_1}, {self.address_line_2}, {self.city}, {self.country}, {self.postal_code}"
 
 
@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str
    address: Address
    email: str
    phone_number: str
    stats: Stats
 
    def split_name(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
        first_name, last_name = self.name.split(" ")
        return first_name, last_name
 
    def update_email(self, email: str) -> None:
        self.email = email
        # send email to the new address
        email_service = EmailService(
            smtp_server=SMTP_SERVER,
            port=PORT,
            email=EMAIL,
            password=PASSWORD,
        )
        email_service.send_message(
            to_email=self.email,
            subject="Your email has been updated.",
            body="Your email has been updated. If this was not you, you have a problem.",
        )
 
 
def main() -> None:
    # create a person
    address = Address(
        address_line_1="123 Main St",
        address_line_2="Apt 1",
        city="New York",
        country="USA",
        postal_code="12345",
    )
    stats = Stats(
        age=30,
        gender="Male",
        height=1.8,
        weight=80,
        blood_type="A+",
        eye_color="Brown",
        hair_color="Black",
    )
    person = Person(
        name="John Doe",
        email="johndoe@gmail.com",
        phone_number="123-456-7890",
        address=address,
        stats=stats,
    )
 
    # compute the BMI
    bmi = stats.bmi
    print(f"Your BMI is {bmi:.2f}")
 
    # update the email address
    person.update_email("johndoe@outlook.com")
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
# email_tools/service.py
 
import smtplib
from email.message import EmailMessage
 
 
class EmailService:
    def __init__(self, smtp_server: str, port: int, email: str, password: str) -> None:
        self.smtp_server = smtp_server
        self.port = port
        self.email = email
        self.password = password
 
    def send_message(self, to_email: str, subject: str, body: str) -> None:
        msg = EmailMessage()
        msg.set_content(body)
        msg["Subject"] = subject
        msg["To"] = to_email
 
        with smtplib.SMTP_SSL(self.smtp_server, self.port) as server:
            # server.login(self.email, self.password)
            # server.send_message(msg, self.email)
            pass
        print("Email sent successfully!")

2. 使得类易用

通过__str__ , @property等使得类容易访问。

from dataclasses import dataclass
from functools import lru_cache
 
from email_tools.service import EmailService
 
SMTP_SERVER = "smtp.gmail.com"
PORT = 465
EMAIL = "hi@arjancodes.com"
PASSWORD = "password"
 
 
@lru_cache
def bmi(weight: float, height: float) -> float:
    return weight / (height**2)
 
 
def bmi_category(bmi_value: float) -> str:
    if bmi_value < 18.5:
        return "Underweight"
    elif bmi_value < 25:
        return "Normal"
    elif bmi_value < 30:
        return "Overweight"
    else:
        return "Obese"
 
 
@dataclass
class Stats:
    age: int
    gender: str
    height: float
    weight: float
    blood_type: str
    eye_color: str
    hair_color: str
 
 
@dataclass
class Address:
    address_line_1: str
    address_line_2: str
    city: str
    country: str
    postal_code: str
    # !! 
    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.address_line_1}, {self.address_line_2}, {self.city}, {self.country}, {self.postal_code}"
 
 
@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str
    address: Address
    email: str
    phone_number: str
    stats: Stats
 
    def split_name(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
        first_name, last_name = self.name.split(" ")
        return first_name, last_name
 
    def update_email(self, email: str) -> None:
        self.email = email
        # send email to the new address
        # send email to the new address
        email_service = EmailService(
            smtp_server=SMTP_SERVER,
            port=PORT,
            email=EMAIL,
            password=PASSWORD,
        )
        email_service.send_message(
            to_email=self.email,
            subject="Your email has been updated.",
            body="Your email has been updated. If this was not you, you have a problem.",
        )
 
 
def main() -> None:
    # create a person
    address = Address(
        address_line_1="123 Main St",
        address_line_2="Apt 1",
        city="New York",
        country="USA",
        postal_code="12345",
    )
    stats = Stats(
        age=30,
        gender="Male",
        height=1.8,
        weight=80,
        blood_type="A+",
        eye_color="Brown",
        hair_color="Black",
    )
    person = Person(
        name="John Doe",
        email="johndoe@gmail.com",
        phone_number="123-456-7890",
        address=address,
        stats=stats,
    )
 
    # compute the BMI
    bmi_value = bmi(stats.weight, stats.height)
    print(f"Your BMI is {bmi_value:.2f}")
    print(f"Your BMI category is {bmi_category(bmi_value)}")
 
    # update the email address
    person.update_email("johndoe@outlook.com")
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

3. 使用依赖注入(dependency injection)

from dataclasses import dataclass
from functools import lru_cache
from typing import Protocol
 
from email_tools.service import EmailService
 
SMTP_SERVER = "smtp.gmail.com"
PORT = 465
EMAIL = "hi@arjancodes.com"
PASSWORD = "password"
 
 
class EmailSender(Protocol):
    def send_message(self, to_email: str, subject: str, body: str) -> None: ...
 
 
@lru_cache
def bmi(weight: float, height: float) -> float:
    return weight / (height**2)
 
 
def bmi_category(bmi_value: float) -> str:
    if bmi_value < 18.5:
        return "Underweight"
    elif bmi_value < 25:
        return "Normal"
    elif bmi_value < 30:
        return "Overweight"
    else:
        return "Obese"
 
 
@dataclass
class Stats:
    age: int
    gender: str
    height: float
    weight: float
    blood_type: str
    eye_color: str
    hair_color: str
 
 
@dataclass
class Address:
    address_line_1: str
    address_line_2: str
    city: str
    country: str
    postal_code: str
 
    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.address_line_1}, {self.address_line_2}, {self.city}, {self.country}, {self.postal_code}"
 
 
@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str
    address: Address
    email: str
    phone_number: str
    stats: Stats
 
    def split_name(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
        first_name, last_name = self.name.split(" ")
        return first_name, last_name
    
    # 依赖注入
    def update_email(self, email: str, service: EmailSender) -> None:
        self.email = email
        service.send_message(
            to_email=self.email,
            subject="Your email has been updated.",
            body="Your email has been updated. If this was not you, you have a problem.",
        )
 
 
def main() -> None:
    # create a person
    address = Address(
        address_line_1="123 Main St",
        address_line_2="Apt 1",
        city="New York",
        country="USA",
        postal_code="12345",
    )
    stats = Stats(
        age=30,
        gender="Male",
        height=1.8,
        weight=80,
        blood_type="A+",
        eye_color="Brown",
        hair_color="Black",
    )
    person = Person(
        name="John Doe",
        email="johndoe@gmail.com",
        phone_number="123-456-7890",
        address=address,
        stats=stats,
    )
    print(address)
 
    # compute the BMI
    bmi_value = bmi(stats.weight, stats.height)
    print(f"Your BMI is {bmi_value:.2f}")
    print(f"Your BMI category is {bmi_category(bmi_value)}")
 
    # update the email address
    service = EmailService(
        smtp_server=SMTP_SERVER,
        port=PORT,
        email=EMAIL,
        password=PASSWORD,
    )
    person.update_email("johndoe@outlook.com", service)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

4. 只在必要时使用类

如果你只是需要一个方法，就不要创建类。

# email_tools.service_v2
 
from email.message import EmailMessage
from smtplib import SMTP_SSL
 
 
def create_email_message(to_email: str, subject: str, body: str) -> EmailMessage:
    msg = EmailMessage()
    msg.set_content(body)
    msg["Subject"] = subject
    msg["To"] = to_email
    return msg
 
 
def send_email(
    smtp_server: str,
    port: int,
    email: str,
    password: str,
    to_email: str,
    subject: str,
    body: str,
) -> None:
    msg = create_email_message(to_email, subject, body)
    with SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, port) as server:
        # server.login(email, password)
        # server.send_message(msg, email)
        print("Email sent successfully!")
from dataclasses import dataclass
from functools import lru_cache, partial
from typing import Protocol
 
from email_tools.service_v2 import send_email
 
SMTP_SERVER = "smtp.gmail.com"
PORT = 465
EMAIL = "hi@arjancodes.com"
PASSWORD = "password"
 
# 参数类型 typing ...
class EmailSender(Protocol):
    def __call__(self, to_email: str, subject: str, body: str) -> None: ...
 
 
@lru_cache
def bmi(weight: float, height: float) -> float:
    return weight / (height**2)
 
 
def bmi_category(bmi_value: float) -> str:
    if bmi_value < 18.5:
        return "Underweight"
    elif bmi_value < 25:
        return "Normal"
    elif bmi_value < 30:
        return "Overweight"
    else:
        return "Obese"
 
 
@dataclass
class Stats:
    age: int
    gender: str
    height: float
    weight: float
    blood_type: str
    eye_color: str
    hair_color: str
 
 
@dataclass
class Address:
    address_line_1: str
    address_line_2: str
    city: str
    country: str
    postal_code: str
 
    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.address_line_1}, {self.address_line_2}, {self.city}, {self.country}, {self.postal_code}"
 
 
@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str
    address: Address
    email: str
    phone_number: str
    stats: Stats
 
    def split_name(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
        first_name, last_name = self.name.split(" ")
        return first_name, last_name
 
    def update_email(self, email: str, send_message: EmailSender) -> None:
        self.email = email
        send_message(
            to_email=email,
            subject="Your email has been updated.",
            body="Your email has been updated. If this was not you, you have a problem.",
        )
 
 
def main() -> None:
    # create a person
    address = Address(
        address_line_1="123 Main St",
        address_line_2="Apt 1",
        city="New York",
        country="USA",
        postal_code="12345",
    )
    stats = Stats(
        age=30,
        gender="Male",
        height=1.8,
        weight=80,
        blood_type="A+",
        eye_color="Brown",
        hair_color="Black",
    )
    person = Person(
        name="John Doe",
        email="johndoe@gmail.com",
        phone_number="123-456-7890",
        address=address,
        stats=stats,
    )
    print(address)
 
    # compute the BMI
    bmi_value = bmi(stats.weight, stats.height)
    print(f"Your BMI is {bmi_value:.2f}")
    print(f"Your BMI category is {bmi_category(bmi_value)}")
 
    # update the email address
    send_message = partial(
        send_email, smtp_server=SMTP_SERVER, port=PORT, email=EMAIL, password=PASSWORD
    )
    person.update_email("johndoe@outlook.com", send_message)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

5. 使用封装

尽管Python没有私有属性，但是可以通过__<name> 约定私有属性。

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name: str, age: int, ssn: str):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.__ssn = ssn  # Private attribute
 
    # Public method
    def display_info(self) -> None:
        print(f"Name: {self.name}")
        print(f"Age: {self.age}")
        print(f"SSN: {self.ssn}")
 
    @property
    def ssn(self) -> str:
        masked_ssn = "XXX-XX-" + self.__ssn[-4:]
        return masked_ssn
 
 
def main() -> None:
    # Creating an instance of the Person class
    person1 = Person("John Doe", 30, "123-45-6789")
 
    # Accessing public method
    person1.display_info()
 
    # Output:
    # Name: John Doe
    # Age: 30
    # SSN: XXX-XX-6789
 
    # Accessing private attribute or method directly will raise an AttributeError
    # print(person1.__ssn)  # This will raise an AttributeError
    # print(person1._Person__ssn)  # This will work so it's not truly private
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
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